Cryptography and Computer Security

Explication : RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is based on the difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers.

Explication : MD5 and SHA-1 are considered vulnerable to collisions. MD5 was the first to be widely compromised.

Explication : TLS (Transport Layer Security), successor to SSL, is the protocol that secures HTTPS connections.

Explication : SQL injection allows executing malicious queries by exploiting poor user input validation.

Explication : AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is the symmetric encryption standard adopted by NIST in 2001.

Explication : Zero-Knowledge Proofs allow proving a statement without revealing the underlying information.

Explication : Asymmetric cryptography (RSA, ECC) is vulnerable to Shor's algorithm on quantum computers.

Explication : Diffie-Hellman key exchange allows two parties to create a shared secret key over a public channel.

Explication : Salting adds random data to passwords before hashing to counter rainbow table attacks.

Explication : A zero-day vulnerability is a flaw unknown to the vendor, with no patch available when exploited.

Explication : ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm) with the secp256k1 curve is used to sign Bitcoin transactions.

Explication : CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode XORs each plaintext block with the previous ciphertext block before encryption.

Explication : PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) is the set of components that manage digital certificates and trust.

Explication : Brute force attacks systematically try all possible combinations until finding the correct password.

Explication : X.509 is the ITU-T standard that defines the format of public key certificates used in TLS/SSL and other protocols.